The facts (1)

Although it's considered a vaccine-preventable disease, whooping cough (pertussis) certainly hasn't been eliminated as a public health problem. The incidence of whooping cough has decreased by more than 90% over the last 70 years, but there are still outbreaks. While most other diseases that are vaccinated against in childhood are decreasing in frequency, cases of whooping cough have actually increased since 1990. This is likely due to the lower effectiveness of older vaccines (due to the emergence of new strains of the bacteria that causes the disease), decreased protection from the disease (immunity) in adults and adolescents as the effect of the vaccine wears off, parents opting out of vaccinating their children, and increased reporting of whooping cough by doctors.

Between 1,000 and 3,000 people each year get sick from pertussis. In Canada, 1 to 4 Canadians die each year from whooping cough. In unvaccinated populations, most cases occur in children under 5, especially in babies less than 6 months old. Because the effects of the vaccination wear off, adults are also susceptible to the disease. Those who have had the disease in the past may get it again, but it is usually a mild form which may go unrecognized and undiagnosed.

Causes (2, 3, 4)

Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The bacterium is transmitted in tiny droplets that come from the nose and mouth and is spread from person to person. A similar bacterium called Bordetella parapertussis causes a milder version of whooping cough known as parapertussis.

While most cases of pertussis occur in children under 5 years, it may be that the majority of carriers are older. It's now believed that adults are a major source of infection to infants. It is recommended for all pregnant women to receive a pertussis vaccination in their third trimester of pregnancy. It's important for people in regular contact with infants to be immunized. Anyone who needs a booster vaccine, should receive it 2 weeks before coming into contact with a newborn baby.

Since many people reach adulthood without having been infected, it's entirely possible for adults to develop whooping cough. After infants, the people most likely to suffer serious complications from whooping cough are seniors and those with chronic ill health.

The disease takes 1 or 2 weeks to incubate. People become infectious to others by the end of the first week and they typically remain contagious for about 6 weeks. The disease is highly contagious and you will be advised to avoid contact with others while you are still able to infect people.

Symptoms and Complications (5)

The disease has 3 stages. The first stage begins about 10 days after infection and causes symptoms like a common cold – sneezing, watery eyes, tiredness, and loss of appetite. There's also a dry hacking cough.

The second stage occurs after 10 to 14 days and is signalled by a rapid increase in the frequency and severity of coughing. It's this cough that gives the disease its name. Half a dozen or more rapid coughs follow each other in quick succession, followed by a "whooping" sound as the person inhales deep and fast. It may happen hundreds of times in a single day. The coughing may produce large amounts of thick mucus. Sometimes infants swallow it, but it may exit through the nostrils, often forming bubbles. Frequent coughing and mucus can cause vomiting, and choking is a risk in infants. Infants are actually less likely to make the whooping sound than are older children, but they're more likely to have a choking spell. Infected adults rarely whoop – they just cough frequently and spasmodically.

After a month, most people start to look and feel better and cough less. This is the third stage - a gradual recovery taking a few weeks or occasionally a few months. The usual total course of the disease lasts 6 to 10 weeks, but coughing may come and go for months.

The risk of complications is highest in infants under one year old. There's also potential danger to seniors and those with chronic ill health. Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), seizures, apnea (brief periods when breathing stops), and hemorrhages (bleeding) in the eye.

Making the Diagnosis (6, 7)

Whooping cough is usually easy to diagnose. A cotton swab on the end of a wire is inserted through the nostril into the nasopharynx (the breathing tube behind the nose), and then cultured to look for bacteria. Most of the time, the bacteria will show up on this test. This means a few cases won't be diagnosable in the early stages, but once it gets to the second stage, the symptoms will make the nature of the condition obvious. In some cases, the disease runs a milder course and the later symptoms do not develop. People who have been immunized can still get whooping cough, but they will have much milder symptoms. Chest X-rays may also be taken to check for the presence of fluid or mucus in the lungs.

Treatment and Prevention (5, 8, 9)

Although bacteria cause whooping cough, antibiotics aren't especially effective in treating it unless they're given in the first stage. Very often, the disease isn't recognized until it enters the second stage. Nevertheless, antibiotics such as clarithromycin*, azithromycin, or sulfamethoxazole – trimethoprim are given at this stage to reduce the possibility of complications, even if they don't cut the duration of the whooping cough itself. Antibiotics may also help to reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others.

Infants with pertussis are often hospitalized, especially those less than 6 months of age. Treatment is designed to minimize symptoms and the damage those symptoms can cause. In the case of heavy vomiting, fluids and electrolytes (e.g., potassium) must be replaced intravenously. In babies, it may be necessary to suck out mucus with a vacuum-like device or to install a nasal breathing tube to help breathing. Extra oxygen may also be necessary. Expectorant and cough-suppressing medications are generally not recommended. Babies with pertussis should be left to sleep as much as possible, since any disturbance or excitement is likely to trigger coughing. In older children, symptoms and risks are much milder, and hospitalization is hardly ever needed.

Most people know there's a vaccine against whooping cough; however, too many people know about it for the wrong reasons. Antivaccine groups and the media have focused on a one-in-a-million chance of encephalitis (severe brain inflammation) occurring in the hours or days after the vaccination, while not addressing the far larger risk of encephalitis caused by whooping cough in unvaccinated people.

The Canadian pertussis vaccination schedule is as follows: babies are given the DPT (diphtheria - pertussis - tetanus) vaccine at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age to establish basic immunity. They are then given boosters at 18 months, at 4 to 6 years of age, and at 14 to 16 years of age. The first 5 shots (from 2 months to 4 to 6 years) will usually be given in conjunction with polio vaccine and Hemophilus influenzae B or "Hib" vaccine (an anti-pneumonia vaccine), since these have the same schedule as DPT. Additional immunizations are given with some of these first 5 shots, with the exact schedule determined by the province.

To provide continued protection from whooping cough, adults should receive one dose of the pertussis vaccine in combination with the adult diphtheria-tetanus formulation.

*All medications have both common (generic) and brand names. The brand name is what a specific manufacturer calls the product (e.g., Tylenol®). The common name is the medical name for the medication (e.g., acetaminophen). A medication may have many brand names, but only one common name. This article lists medications by their common names. For information on a given medication, check our Drug Information database. For more information on brand names, speak with your doctor or pharmacist.

[references]

1. Public Health Agency of Canada. Pertussis (whooping cough): for health professionals. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/pertussis/professionals-professionnels-eng.php. Accessed May 3, 2016.
2. Public Health Agnecy of Canada. Pertussis (whooping cough). Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/pertussis-eng.php. accessed May 3, 2016.
3. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Immunization Guide: Pertussis Vaccine (feb2014). Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cig-gci/p04-pert-coqu-eng.php. Accessed May 3, 2016.
4. Public Health Agency of Canada. Vaccine-Preventable Disease. Pertussis. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/pertussis-eng.php. Accessed January 25, 2009.
5. Mayoclinic. Whooping Cough: Definition. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/whooping-cough/DS00445. Accessed January 26, 2009.
6. Khelef N, Danve B, Quentin-Millet MJ, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: two immunologically distinct species. Infect Immun. 1993 Feb; 61(2): 486-490.
7. Public Health Agency of Canada. Vaccine-Preventable Disease. Pertussis. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/pertussis-eng.php. Accessed January 26, 2009.
8. The Merck Manual Online Medical Library. Pertussis. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec23/ch272/ch272g.html?qt=whooping%20cough&alt=sh Accessed January 26, 2009.
9. Health Canada. It's Your Health: Whooping Cough (Pertussis). Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/diseases-maladies/cough-toux-eng.php#th. Accessed January 26, 2009.
10. Mayoclinic. Whooping Cough: Tests and Diagnosis. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/whooping-cough/DS00445/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis. Accessed January 26, 2009.
11. Mayoclinic. Whooping Cough: Treatments and drugs. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/whooping-cough/DS00445/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs. Accessed January 26, 2009.
12. Health Canada. - Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Immunization Guide 7th et. (2006). Immunization of Persons with neurologic disorders. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cig-gci/p03-08-eng.php. Accessed January 26, 2009.
13. Public Health Agency of Canada. Immunization Schedules. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/is-cv/index-eng.php. Accessed March 29, 2011
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