Rubella (252)

• German Measles • 3-Day Measles

The Facts (1-3)

Rubella, also known as German measles or "three-day measles," is a contagious viral infection that brings on a rash as well as other symptoms. But many children have such mild symptoms that they're unaware of being infected. It's milder than measles and doesn't last as long.

Rubella is a significant health risk for pregnant people. If a pregnant person is infected with rubella, especially in the first trimester (1 to 3 months), they may miscarry or the fetus may suffer severe birth defects.

After a bout with rubella, a person has lifelong immunity. The disease used to be common, with epidemics sweeping across North America every 6 to 9 years. Major epidemics occurred at a frequency of every 30 years, with the last one recorded in 1964, affecting over 12 million people in the US.

The virus was first isolated in the laboratory in 1962 and a vaccine was made available in 1969. Since then, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has cut the frequency of the disease dramatically in countries that include the vaccine in their immunization programs.

Causes (1-3)

Rubella is caused by a virus. It is spread in the same way as any viral cold - by tiny droplets produced from the nose and mouth. It's not as contagious as a cold or the measles, but it has a long incubation period (the time between getting infected with the virus and getting sick) that varies from 12 to 23 days. People who get the virus are infectious (can spread it to others) for up to 10 days before symptoms appear. People are most contagious a few days before the rash appears until 7 days after its onset.

Because rubella is rarer these days, an increasing number of adults have never been infected with the disease and therefore aren't immune unless they have been vaccinated.

Symptoms and Complications (1-3)

The main symptom of rubella is a red rash, usually starting on the head and neck. The rash doesn't appear until 14 to 21 days after infection, with most people developing their rash on day 17 or day 18 after exposure.

Some people experience a prodrome (warning symptoms), which appears as fever, swollen glands (particularly behind the ear), general aches, and fatigue. These symptoms last from 1 to 5 days before the rash appears and are more common in adults than in children. Once the rash appears, the fever resolves.

The rash usually consists of small red or pink spots that may be itchy. It tends to spread down the body, disappearing from the head as it reaches the trunk. It usually lasts about 3 to 5 days. Other possible symptoms include:

• cough
• low-grade fever
• headache
• mild conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
• runny nose
• swollen neck glands

Up to 50% of people infected with rubella have no symptoms at all. It's unknown how many rubella infections go unnoticed and unreported.

You're infectious from 10 days before the rash appears until about 2 weeks after it disappears. This means, of course, that people can transmit rubella before they know they have it.

The most common complication associated with rubella is the development of a mild form of arthritis that usually goes away on its own. It seems to be more common and more severe in adults and more common in women than men. As with many other viral infections, people can also get an ear infection, usually in children under 4 years old. There are rare but serious complications that can occur. One is bleeding due to low platelets (thrombocytopenia). Another rare complication is encephalitis (infection of the brain).

Another serious complication of rubella occurs when it infects pregnant people. There is a high risk of major birth defects or miscarriage if a person contracts rubella in the first 3 months of pregnancy. After 3 months, the risk begins to fall and it's almost unknown for a baby to have problems if the parent catches rubella after Week 20 of pregnancy. Problems observed in children born to infected parents include:

• bone marrow defects
• cataracts
• deafness
• slowed growth
• malformations of the heart
• developmental problems

Making the Diagnosis (1-3)

Because many people with rubella have mild symptoms, it can be difficult to diagnose. Your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask you about your symptoms. Rubella will likely be suspected if you have a rash and swollen lymph nodes when you see your doctor. If your doctor suspects rubella, they may order blood tests.

One particular blood test looks for antibodies against rubella, but there are some limitations with this test. Unfortunately, it may miss low-level infections.

Treatment and Prevention (1-3)

As with the measles and most other viral illnesses, there's no cure for rubella. You can only wait for it to go away. Analgesics such as acetaminophen* and ibuprofen can control fever and headache, but children should not be given ASA (acetylsalicylic acid), which may cause Reye's syndrome (a serious disease that can occur if a child with a viral infection is given ASA; Reye’s syndrome affects many organs, particularly the liver and brain).

For couples planning families, both partners should be vaccinated if they haven't done so already. A person is fully immune one month after inoculation. People of childbearing age are routinely given a blood test to determine if they're immune.

Once a person's pregnant, it's too late for them to be vaccinated, as the vaccine contains a live (though weakened) virus that could harm the baby. In fact, people should not be vaccinated less than 28 days before they conceive.

The vaccine protects more than 95% or people who receive it and protection lasts for life. It is important to be vaccinated if you've never had the disease. Rubella symptoms tend to be more severe in adults than in children, so it's worth a shot to avoid it.

Travellers to areas with a high incidence of rubella should see their doctor at least 6 to 8 weeks before they depart to be sure their rubella immunization is up-to-date.

*All medications have both common (generic) and brand names. The brand name is what a specific manufacturer calls the product (e.g., Tylenol®). The common name is the medical name for the medication (e.g., acetaminophen). A medication may have many brand names, but only one common name. This article lists medications by their common names. For information on a given medication, check our Drug Information database. For more information on brand names, speak with your doctor or pharmacist.

[references]

1. Rubella. In: The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [Online]. Available from: Merck Manuals Online Medical library; 2007 Aug [cited 2010 Apr 26]. Available from URL: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch193/ch193e.html/265b.htm
2. Gershon A. Rubella. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. [Online]. Available from: McGraw-Hill's Access Medicine; 2008 [cited 2010 Apr 27] Available at URL: http://accessmedicine.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/content.aspx?aID=2871617&searchStr=rubella#2871617
3. Rubella. Public Health Agency of Canada. [Online]. 2005 Apr 7 [cited 2010 Apr 28]. Available from URL: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/info/rubella-eng.php
4. Infuenza (Seasonal). World Health Organization. [Online] 2009 Apr. [cited 2010 Apr 29]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/
5.  Edwards MS. Rubella. UpToDate. Last updated Oct 09, 2019. Accessed 20200123.
6. Rubella (german Measles, Three-Day Measles). Centres for Disease Control. Last updated: September 15, 2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/pregnancy.html. Accessed 20200123.